The paradigmatic "path" of Muhammad's traditions which, if trodden by believers, will lead to salvation.
Christianity based on the doctrine of God the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
Removal of all religious images from churches and monasteries during a period in the Byzantine Empire (726-787, 814-842), under orders of the emperors.
The combined body of the legal verses of the Quran, the prophetic Sunna, and the legal commentaries of the 800s and 900s, covering law as well as morality.
A system for collecting taxes and rents from the population, where the state grants the right of collection to private individuals.
Literally "struggle (for the path of God-fi sabil Allah)," that can range from personal struggle for faith to war in the name of Islam.
Initially: believer in the concordance among all prophetic messages from Abraham to Muhammad. Later on: believer who submits to the will of God (Allah).
Meditative devotion to faith, expressed in the form of prayer, ecstasy, chanting, or dancing.
An association of self-governing states sharing similar institutional and cultural traits.
The partaking of bread and wine in commemoration of Jesus Christ's last supper. Byzantium accused Rome of serving the flat Middle Eastern bread which it denounced as "Jewish," in reference to Lev. 23:4–8.
Community of all who believe in one God, with Muhammad as their prophet, and reject pagan idolatry (ignorance, jahiliyya) or associationism (shirk), such as the Christian doctrine of Trinity.
Representative of God, and later of Muhammad, on earth.
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