A series of protests in countries in Middle East and North Africa that began in 2010 and called for the removal of authoritarian regimes.
A belief and adherence to the idea that Jewish people should be allowed to establish and maintain their own state in Israel.
A sect of Islam distinct from Shia in that its adherents do not believe that the succession of the Prophet Mohammed should be hereditary and follow family bloodlines.
A more formalized written standard form of Arabic that is commonly used across the Arab-speaking world, in contrast to the multiple forms of spoken Arabic.
An attempt by a group or individual to overthrow an existing government in order to implement their own regime.
The name given to big-name, well-known architects who participate in construction to market or brand a city.
Injecting liquids at high pressure into underground rock formations to extract oil and gas.
The Christian Church in Egypt, one of the oldest on the world.
Islamic religious school.
The period in Europe from roughly 500 to 1100 associated with limited urban growth, economic development or knowledge production.
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