.png){kind=icon}
All of the sources that the authors consulted in preparing this chapter, as well as many of the sources from previous editions.
Alba DM and 7 others. 2015. Miocene small-bodied ape from Eurasia sheds light on hominoid evolution. Science 350:528. DOI: 10.1126/science.aab2625
Alberti M and 8 others. 2017. Global urban signatures of phenotypic change in animal and plant populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606034114.
Allentoft ME and 8 others. 2014. Extinct New Zealand megafauna were not in decline before human colonization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 111:4922-4927. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1314972111
Almécija S and 5 others. 2013. The femur of Orrorin tugenensis exhibits morphometric affinities with both Miocene apes and later hominins. Nature Communications 4:2888. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3888
Almécija, S. 2016. Pitfalls reconstructing the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 113:943-944. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1524165113
Amster G, Sella G. 2016. Life history effect on the molecular clock of autosomes and sex chromosomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 113:1588-1593. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1515798113
Anderson A.1989. Mechanics of overkill in the extinction of New Zealand moas. Journal of Archaeological Science 16:137-151. DOI: 10.1016/0305-4403(89)90062-9
Bajpai S and 5 others. 2008. The oldest Asian record of Anthropoidea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 105:11093-11098. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804159105
Bakewell MA, Shi P, Zhang J. 2007. More genes underwent positive selection in chimpanzee evolution than in human evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 104:7489-7494. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0701705104
Barnosky A, Koch PL, Faranex RS, Wing SL, Shabe AB. 2004. Assessing the causes of Late Pleistocene extinctions on the continents. Science 306:70-75. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/306/5693/70
Barnosky AD, Lindsey EL. 2010. Timing of Quaternary megafaunal extinction in South America in relation to human arrival and climate change. Quaternary International 217:10-29. DOI:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.017
Bartlett LJ and 8 others. 2016. Robustness despite uncertainty: regional climate data reveal the dominant role of humans in explaining global extinctions of Late Quaternary megafauna. Ecography 39:152-161. DOI: 10.1111/ecog.01566
Beard KC, Qi T, Dawson MR, Wang B, Li C. 1994. A diverse new primate fauna from middle Eocene fissure-fillings in southeastern China. Nature 368:604-609. DOI: 10.1038/368604a0
Behrensmeyer AK. 2015. Four million years of African herbivory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 112:11428-11429. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514580112
Bentley-Condit VK, Smith EO. 2010. Animal tool use: current definitions and an updated comprehensive catalog. Behaviour 147:185-221. DOI: 10.1163/000579509X12512865686555
Berger LR and 46 others. 2015. Homo naledi, a new species of the genus Homo from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa. eLife 4:e09560. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09560
Berger LR and 6 others. 2010. Australopithecus sediba: A new species of Homo-like australopith from South Africa. Science 328:195-204. DOI: 10.1126/science.1184944
Bermúdez de Castro JM and 5 others. 2016. Continuity versus discontinuity of the human settlement of Europe between the late Early Pleistocene and the early Middle Pleistocene. The mandibular evidence. Quaternary Science Reviews 153:51-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.10.010
Biro D, Haslam M, Rutz C. 2013. Tool use as adaptation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 368:20120408. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0408
Bloch JI and 11 others. 2016. First North American fossil monkey and early Miocene tropical biotic interchange. Nature 533:243-246. DOI:10.1038/nature17415
Bloch JI, Boyer DM. 2007. New skeletons of Paleocene-Eocene Plesiadapiformes: A diversity of arboreal positional behaviors in early primates. In Ravosa M, Dagosto M (eds.) Primate Origins: Adaptations and Evolution, pp. 353-541. Springer Science + Business Media, New York.
Bloch JI, Gingerich PD. 1998. Carpolestes simpsoni, new species (Mammalia, Proprimates) from the late Paleocene of the Clarks Fork Basin, Wyoming. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30:131-162.
Bokma F, van den Brink V, Stadler T. 2012. Unexpectedly many extinct hominins. Evolution 66:2969-2974. DOI:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01660.x
Bond M and 5 others. 2015. Eocene primates of South America and the African origins of New World monkeys. Nature 520:538-541. DOI: 10.1038/nature14120
Bourgeon L, Burke A, Higham T. 2017. Earliest human presence in North America dated to the Last Glacial Maximum: new radiocarbon dates from Bluefish Caves, Canada. PLoS ONE 12:e0169486. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169486
Boyer DM, Seiffert ER, Gladman JT, Bloch JI. 2013. Evolution and allometry of calcaneal elongation in living and extinct primates. PLoS ONE 8:e67792. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067792
Braje TJ, Erlandson JM. 2013. Human acceleration of animal and plant extinctions: A Late Pleistocene, Holocene, and Anthropocene continuum. Anthropocene 4:14-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2013.08.003
Brown P and 6 others. 2004. A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature 431:1055-1061. DOI: 10.1038/nature02999
Brown P. 2012. LB1 and LB6 Homo floresiensis are not modern human (Homo sapiens) cretins. Journal of Human Evolution 62:201-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.10.011
Brumm A and 22 others. 2016. Age and context of the oldest known hominin fossils from Flores. Nature 534:249-253. DOI: 10.1038/nature17663
Brunet M and 8 others. New material of the earliest hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. Nature 434:752-755. DOI: 10.1038/nature03392
Buckmaster CL, Hyde SA, Parker KJ, Lyons DM. 2015. Cup tool use by squirrel monkeys. American Journal of Primatology 77:1323-1332. DOI:10.1002/ajp.22486
Burney DA and 6 others. 2004. A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar. Journal of Human Evolution 47:25-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.05.005
Cafaro P. 2015. Three ways to think about the sixth mass extinction. Biological Conservation 192:387-393. DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2015.10.017
Callaway E. 2016. Meet Chewie, the biggest Australopithecus on record. Nature DOI: 10.1038/nature.2016.21144.
Callaway E. 2016a. Evidence mounts for interbreeding bonanza in ancient human species. Nature DOI: 10.1038/nature.2016.19394.
Callaway E. 2016b. Did humans drive ‘hobbit’ species to extinction? Nature DOI: 10.1038/nature.2016.19651.
Callaway E. 2016c. Human remains found in hobbit cave. Nature DOI: 10.1038/nature.2016.20656.
Cerling TE and 14 others 2015. Dietary changes of large herbivores in the Turkana Basin, Kenya from 4 to 1 Ma. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 112:11467-11472. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1513075112
Cerling TE and 7 others. 2011. Diet of Paranthropus boisei in the early Pleistocene of East Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 108:9337-9341. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1104627108
Chaimanee Y and 14 others. 2012. Late Middle Eocene primate from Myanmar and the initial anthropoid colonization of Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 109:10293-10297. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1200644109
Chapman CA, Onderdonk DA. 1998. Forests without primates: primate/plant codependency. American Journal of Primatology 45:127-141.
Charnov EL, Berrigan D. 1993. Why do female primates have such long lifespans and so few babies? or Life in the slow lane. Evolutionary Anthropology 1:191-194. https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.1360010604
Clarkson C and 27 others. 2017. Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago. Nature 547:306-310. DOI: 10.1038/nature22968
Clinchy M and 6 others. 2016. Fear of the human “super predator” far exceeds the fear of large carnivores in a model mesocarnivore. Behavioral Ecology 27:1826-1832. doi:10.1093/beheco/arw117
Crompton RH, Sellers WI, Thorpe SKS. 2010. Arboreality, terrestriality and bipedalism. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 365:3301-3314. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0035
Crompton RH. 2016. The hominins: A very conservative tribe? Last common ancestors, plasticity and ecomorphology in Hominidae. Or, what’s in a name? Journal of Anatomy 228:686-699. DOI:10.1111/joa.12424
Darimont CT, Fox CH, Bryan HM, Reimchen TE. 2015. The unique ecology of human predators. Science 349:858-860. doi: 10.1126/science.aac4249
Davies TJ, Purvis A, Gittleman JL. 2009. Quaternary climate change and the geographic ranges of mammals. The American Naturalist 174:297-307. DOI: 10.1086/603614
De Manuel M and 36 others. 2016. Chimpanzee genomic diversity reveals ancient admixture with bonobos. Science 354:477-481. DOI: 10.1126/science.aag2602
DeCasien AR, Williams SA, Higham JP. 2017. Primate brain size is predicted by diet but not sociality. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1:0112. DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0112.
Dembo M and 11 others. 2016. The evolutionary relationships and age of Homo naledi: An assessment using dated Bayesian phylogenetic methods. Journal of Human Evolution 97:17-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.04.008
deMenocal PB, Stringer C. 2016. Human migration: Climate and peopling of the world. Nature 538:49-50. DOI:10.1038/nature19471.
Diamond J. 2008. The last giant kangaroo. Nature 454:835-836. doi:10.1038/454835a
Diamond JM. 2001. Australia’s last giants. Nature 411:755-757. DOI: 10.1038/35081231
Dietl GP. 2016. Ecology: Different worlds. Nature 529:29-30. doi:10.1038/nature16329
Dirks PHGM and 19 others. 2017. The age of Homo naledi and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa. eLife 6:e24231. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.24231
Dirks PHGM and 23 others. 2015. Geological and taphonomic context for the new hominin species Homo naledi from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa. eLife 4:e09651. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.09561
El Zaatari S, Grine FE, Ungar PS, Hublin J-J. 2016. Neandertal versus modern human dietary responses to climatic fluctuations. PLoS ONE 11:e0153277. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153277
Enard W and 7 others. 2002. Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language. Nature 418:869-872. DOI: 10.1038/nature01025
Field J, Filios M, Wroe S. 2008. Chronological overlap between humans and megafauna in Sahul (Pleistocene Australiandash;New Guinea): A review of the evidence. Earth-Science Reviews 89:97-115. DOI:10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.04.006
Finlayson C and 25 others. 2006. Late survival of Neandertals at the southernmost extreme of Europe. Nature 443:850-853. DOI: 10.1038/nature05195
Finlayson C and 9 others. 2012. Ecological transitions — But for whom? A perspective from the Pleistocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 329-330:1-9. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.04.002
Finlayson C, Carrión JS. 2007. Rapid ecological turnover and its impact on Neandertal and other human populations. Trends in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 22:213-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.02.001
Finney SC, Edwards LC. 2016. The “Anthropocene” epoch: Scientific decision or political statement? GSA Today 26:4-10. DOI: 10.1130/GSATG270A.1
Fleagle JG. 2013. Primate Adaptation and Evolution. 3rd ed. Academic Press: San Diego, CA.
Foley SF and 19 others. 2013. The Palaeoanthropocene – The beginnings of anthropogenic environmental change. Anthropocene 3:83-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2013.11.002
Franzen JL and 5 others. 2009. Complete primate skeleton from the middle Eocene of Messel in Germany. PLoS ONE 4:e5723. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005723
Fu Q and 15 others. 2015. An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor. Nature 524:216-219. DOI: 10.1038/nature14558
Fu Q and 63 others. 2016. The genetic history of Ice Age Europe. Nature 534:200-205. DOI: 10.1038/nature17993
Fuss J, Spassov N, Begun DR, Böhme M. 2017. Potential hominin affinities of Graecopithecus from the Late Miocene of Europe. PLoS ONE 12:e0177127. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177127
Gebo GL, Dagosto M, Beard KC, Qi T. 2001. Middle Eocene primate tarsals from China: implications for haplorhine evolution. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 116:83-107. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1105
Gibbons A. 2009. Celebrity fossil primate: Missing link or weak link? Science 324:1124-1125. DOI: 10.1126/science.324_1124
Gibbons A. 2010. Close encounters of the prehistoric kind. Science 328:680-684. DOI: 10.1126/science.328.5979.680
Gibbons A. 2011. A new view of the birth of Homo sapiens. Science 331:392-394. DOI: 10.1126/science.331.6016.392
Gibbons A. 2011. Who were the Denisovans? Science 333:1084-1087. DOI: 10.1126/science.333.6046.1084
Gibbons A. 2016. Neandertal genes linked to modern diseases. Science 351:648-649. DOI: 10.1126/science.351.6274.648
Gilbert CC. 2005. Dietary ecospace and the diversity of euprimates during the early and middle Eocene. American Journal of Anthropology 126:237-249. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.20036
Gilpin W, Feldman MW, Aoki K. 2016. An ecocultural model predicts Neanderthal extinction through competition with modern humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 113:2134-2139. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1524861113
Goebel T, Waters MR, O’Rourke DH. 2008. The late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas. Science 319:1497-1502. DOI: 10.1126/science.1153569
Gold KC. 2002. Ladder use and clubbing by a bonobo (Pan paniscus) in Apenheul Primate Park. Zoo Biology 21:607-611. DOI: 10.1002/zoo.10064
Graves RR, Lupo AC, McCarthy RC, Wescott DJ, Cunningham DL. 2010. Just how strapping was KNM-WT 15000? Journal of Human Evolution 59:542-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.06.007
Green RE and 55 others. 2010. A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome. Science 328:710-722. DOI: 10.1126/science.1188021
Gregory MD and 9 others. 2017. Neanderthal-derived genetic variation shapes modern human cranium and brain. Scientific Reports 7:6308. DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-06587-0
Gruber T, Clay Z, Zuberbühler K. 2010. A comparison of bonobo and chimpanzee tool use: evidence for a female bias in the Pan lineage. Animal Behaviour 80:1023-1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.09.005
Güleç ES, Sevim A, Pehlevan C, Kaya F. 2007. A new great ape from the late Miocene of Turkey. Anthropological Science 115:153-158. https://doi.org/10.1537/ase.070501
Gummert MD, Malaivijitnond S. 2013. Long-tailed macaques select mass of stone tools according to food type. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 368:20120413. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0413
Gunz P, Neubauer S, Maureille B, Hublin J-J. 2016. Brain development after birth differs between Neanderthals and modern humans. Current Biology 26:R665-R666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.10.018
Haile-Selassie Y and 7 others. 2015. New species from Ethiopia further expands middle Pliocene diversity. Nature 521:483-488. DOI: 10.1038/nature14448
Hamilton C. 2016. Define the Anthropocene in terms of the whole Earth. Nature 536:251. DOI: 10.1038/536251a
Hamm G and 13 others. 2016. Cultural innovation and megafauna interaction in the early settlement of arid Australia. Nature 539:280-283. DOI: 10.1038/nature20125
Hamrick MW. 1998. Functional and adaptive significance of primate pads and claws: evidence from New World anthropoids. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 106:113-127. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199806)106:2<113::AID-AJPA2>3.0.CO;2-R
Harcourt-Smith WEH and 8 others. 2015. The foot of Homo naledi. Nature Communications 6:8432. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9432
Harmand S and 20 others. 2015. 3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya. Nature 521:310-315. DOI: 10.1038/nature14464
Harris K, Nielsen R. 2016. The genetic cost of Neanderthal introgression. Genetics 203:881-891. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.116.186890
Harrison T, Ji X, Zheng L. 2008. Renewed investigations at the late Miocene hominoids locality of Leilao, Yunnan, China. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 135:113. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20806
Harrison T. 2010. Apes among the tangled branches of human origins. Science. 327:532-534. DOI: 10.1126/science.1184703
Hartwig WC. 2002. The Primate Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Hawks J and 37 others. 2017. New fossil remains of Homo naledi from the Lesedi Chamber, South Africa. eLife 6:e24232. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.24232
Haywood AM, Dowsett HJ, Dolan AM. 2016. Integrating geological archives and climate models for the mid-Pliocene warm period, Nature Communications 7:10646. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10646
Hazen RM, Grew ES, Origlieri MJ, Downs RT. 2017. On the mineralogy of the “Anthropocene Epoch.” American Mineralogist 102:595-611. DOI: 10.2138/am-2017-5875
Heesy CP, Ross CF, Demes B. 2007. Oculomotor stability and the functions of the postorbital bar and septum. In Ravosa M, Dagosto M (eds.) Primate Origins: Adaptations and Evolution, pp. 257-283. Springer Science + Business Media, New York.
Heintzman PD and 16 others. 2016. Bison phylogeography constrains dispersal and viability of the Ice Free Corridor in western Canada. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA Early edition. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601077113
Holen SR and 10 others. 2017. A 130,000-year-old archaeological site in southern California, USA. Nature 544:479-483. DOI: 10.1038/nature22065
Hublin J-J and 10 others. 2017. New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens. Nature 546:289-292. DOI: 10.1038/nature22336
Huffman MA, Nakagawa N, Go Y, Imai H, Tomonaga M. 2013. Monkeys, apes, and humans: Primatology in Japan. SpringerBriefs in Biology. DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-54153-0_1.
IUCN. 2016. The IUCN List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org
Jaubert J and 19 others. 2016. Early Neanderthal constructions deep in Bruniquel Cave in southwestern France. Nature. 534:111-114. DOI: 10.1038/nature18291
Kaifu Y, Kono R, Sutikna T et al. 2015. Unique dental morphology of Homo floresiensis, and its evolutionary implications. PLoS ONE 10:e0141614. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141614
Katoh S and 18 others. 2016. New geological and paleontological age constraint for the gorilla-human lineage split. Nature 530:215-218. DOI: 10.1038/nature16510
Kay RF, Cartmill M, Balow M. 1998. The hypoglossal canal and the origin of human vocal behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 95:5417-5419.
Kihm AJ, Tornow MA. 2014. First occurrence of plesiadapiform primates from the Chadronian (latest Eocene). Paludicola 9:176-182.
Kinani, J-F, Zimmerman D. 2015. Tool use for food acquisition in a wild mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei). American Journal of Primatology 77:353-357. DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22351
Kittler R, Kayser M, Stoneking M. 2003. Molecular evolution of Pediculus humanus and the origin of clothing. Current Biology 13:1414-1417. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00507-4
Kivell TL and 7 others. 2015. The hand of Homo naledi. Nature Communications 6:8431. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9431
Kivell TL, Schmitt D. 2009. Independent evolution of knuckle-walking in African apes shows that humans did not evolve from a knuckle-walking ancestor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106:14241-14246. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901280106
Koch PL, Barnosky AD. 2006. Late Quaternary extinctions: State of the debate. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 37:215-250. 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132415
Koufos GD. 2015. Potential hominoid ancestors for Hominidae. In Henke W, Tattersall I (eds.) Handbook of Paleoanthropology, pp. 1-26. Springer: New York, NY. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-27800-6_44-7
Krause J and 12 others. 2007. The derived FOXP2 variant of modem humans was shared with Neandertals. Current Biology 17:1908-1912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.008
Kuhlwilm M and 21 others. 2016. Ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals. Nature 530:429-433. DOI: 10.1038/nature16544
Kusmin YV. 2013. Comment on: “Extinction chronology of the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis in the context of late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in northern Eurasia” by A.J. Stuart and A.M. Lister [Quat. Sci. Rev. 51 (2012), 1-17]. Quaternary Science Reviews 62:142-143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.09.008
Ledogar JA and 20 others. 2016. Mechanical evidence that Australopithecus sediba was limited in its ability to eat hard foods. Nature Communications 7:10596. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10596
Lepre CJ and 8 others. 2011. An earlier origin for the Acheulian. Nature. 477:82-85. DOI: 10.1038/nature10372
Levis C and 147 others. Persistent effects of pre-Columbian planbt domestication on Amazonian forest composition. Science 355:925-931. DOI: 10.1126/science.aal0157
Lewis SL, Maslin MA. 2015. Defining the Anthropocene. Nature 519:171-80. DOI:10.1038/nature14258
Li H and 9 others. 2016. Large numbers of vertebrates began rapid population decline in the late 19th century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 113:1407914084. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1616804113
Lieberman P. 2007. The evolution of human speech: Its anatomical and neural bases. Current Anthropology 48:39-66. https://doi.org/10.1086/509092
Lima-Ribeiro MS, Nogués-Bravo D, Terribile LC, Batra P, Diniz-Filho JAF. 2013. Climate and humans set the place and time of Proboscidean extinction in late Quaternary of South America. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 392:546-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.10.008
Lister AM, Stuart AJ. 2013. Extinction chronology of the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis: reply to Kuzmin. Quaternary Science Reviews 62:144-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.10.039
López-Torres S, Schillaci MA, Silcox MT. 2015. Life history of the most complete fossil primate skeleton: exploring growth models for Darwinius. Royal Society Open Science 2:150340. DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150340
Lordkipanidze D and 17 others. 2007. Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Nature 449:305-310. DOI: 10.1038/nature06134
Lordkipanidze D and 6 others. 2013. A complete skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the evolutionary biology of early Homo. Science 342:326-331. DOI: 10.1126/science.1238484
Lyons SK and 28 others. 2016. Holocene shifts in the assembly of plant and animal communities implicate human impacts. Nature 529:80-83. DOI:10.1038/nature16447
Mallick S and 78 others. 2016. The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 genomes from 142 diverse populations. Nature 538:201-206. DOI:10.1038/nature.18964.
Marchi D and 6 others. 2016. The thigh and leg of Homo naledi. Journal of Human Evolution 104:1-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.09.005
Marean CW. 2017. Early signs of human presence in Australia. Nature 547:285-287. DOI: 10.1038/547285a
Martínez LM, Estebaranz-Sánchez F, Galbany J., Pérez-Pérez A. 2016. Testing dietary hypotheses of East African hominines using buccal dental microwear data. PLoS ONE 11:e0165447. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165447
Masao FT and 8 others. 2016. New footprints from Laetoli (Tanzania) provide evidence for marked body size variation in early hominins. eLife 5:e19568. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.19568
McBrearty S, Jablonski NG. 2005. First fossil chimpanzee. Nature 437:105-108. DOI: 10.1038/nature04008
McDougall I, Brown FH, Fleagle JG. 2008. Sapropels and the age of hominins Omo I and II, Kibish, Ethiopia. Journal of Human Evolution 55:409-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.05.012
McLean CY and 12 others. 2011. Human-specific loss of regulatory DNA and the evolution of human-specific traits. Nature 471:216-219. DOI: 10.1038/nature09774
Mellars P, French JC. 2011. Tenfold population increase in Western Europe at the Neandertal-to-modern human transition. Science 333:623-627. DOI: 10.1126/science.1206930
Mendez FL, Poznik GD, Castellano S, Bustamante CD. 2016. The divergence of Neandertal and modern human Y chromosomes. The American Journal of Human Genetics 98:728-734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.02.023
Metcalf JL and 24 others. Synergistic roles of climate warming and human occupation in Patagonian megafaunal extinctions during the Last Deglaciation. Science Advances 6:e1501682. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501682
Meyer M and 13 others. 2016. Nuclear DNA sequences from the middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins. Nature 531:504-507. DOI: 10.1038/nature17405
Miller G and 12 others. 2016. Human predation contributed to the extinction of the Australian megafaunal bird Genyornis newtoni ~47 ka. Nature Communications 7:10496 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10496
Miraldo A and 9 others. 2016. An Anthropocene map of genetic diversity. Science 353:1532-1535. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf4381
Morgan ME and 6 others. 2015. A partial hominoid innominate from the Miocene of Pakistan: Description and preliminary analyses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 112:82-87. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420275111
Morwood MJ and 10 others. 2004. Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia. Nature 437:1012-1071. DOI: 10.1038/nature04022
Nellermann C, Miles L, Kaltenborn BP, Virtue M, Ahlenius H (eds.) 2007. The Last Stand of the Orangutan--State of Emergency: Illegal Logging, Fir, and Palm Oil in Indonesia’s National Parks. United Nationas Environment Program, GRID-Arendal, Norway.
Nengo I and 12 others. 2017. New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution. Nature 548:169-174. DOI: 10.1038/nature23456
Ni X, Li Q, Li L, Beard KC. 2016. Oligocene primates from China reveal divergence between African and Asian primate evolution. Science 352:673-677. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2107
O’Leary MA and 22 others. 2013. The placental mammal ancestor and the post-K-Pg radiation of placentals. Science 339:662-667. DOI: 10.1126/science.1229237
Packer C, Tatar M, Collins A. 1998. Reproductive cessation in female mammals. Nature 392:807-811. DOI: 10.1038/33910
Palopoli MF and 8 others. 2015. Global divergence of the human follicle mite Demodex folliculorum: Persistent associations between host ancestry and mite lineages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 112:15958-15963. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512609112
Parés JM and 7 others. 2013. Reassessing the age of Atapuerca-TD6 (Spain): new paleomagnetic results. Journal of Archaeological Science 40:4586-4595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.06.013
Patterson N, Richter DJ, Gnerre S, Lander ES, Reich D. 2006. Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees. Nature 441:1103-1108. DOI: 10.1038/nature04789
Pennisi E. 2012. The burdens of being a biped. Science 336:974. DOI: 10.1126/science.336.6084.974
Pennisi E. 2015. Human impacts on ecosystems began thousands of years ago. Science 350:1452. DOI: 10.1126/science.350.6267.1452
Pérez-Pérez A and 9 others. 2017. The diet of the first Europeans from Atapuerca. Scientific Reports 7:43319. DOI: 10.1038/srep43319
Perry GH, Martin RD, Verrelli BC. 2007. Signatures of functional constraint at aye-aye opsin genes: the potential of adaptive color vision in a nocturnal primate. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24:1963-1970. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msm124
Phillips KA. 1998. Tool use in wild capuchins monkeys (Cebus albifrons trinitatis). American Journal of Primatology 46:259-261. DOI:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)46:3<259::AID-AJP6>3.0.CO;2-R
Pires MM, Koch PL, Fariña RA, de Aguiar MAM, dos Reis SF, Guimaraes PR Jr. 2015 Pleistocene megafaunal interaction networks became more vulnerable after human arrival. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 282: 20151367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1367
Posth C and 10 others. 2017. Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow in Neanderthals. Nature Communications 8:16046. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16046
Posth C and 34 others. 2016. Pleistocene mitochondrial genomes suggest a single major dispersal of non-Africans and a Late Glacial population turnover. Current Biology 26:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037
Prado JL, Martinez-Maza C, Alberdi MT. 2015. Megafauna extinction in South America: A new chronology for the Argentine Pampas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 425:41-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.02.026
Prideaux GJ and 9 others. 2010. Timing and dynamics of Late Pleistocene mammal extinctions in southwestern Australia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 51:22157-22162. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011073107
Prüfer K and 41 others. 2012. The bonobo genome compared with the chimpanzee and human genomes. Nature 486:527-531. DOI: 10.1038/nature11128
Prüfer K and 44 others. 2014. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature 505:43-49. DOI: 10.1038/nature12886
Prufrock KA, Boyer DM, Silcox MT. 2016. The first major primate extinction: An evaluation of paleoecological dynamics of North American stem primates using a homology free measure of tooth shape. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 159:683-697. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.22927
Prufrock KA, López-Torres S, Silcox MT, Boyer DM. 2016. Surfaces and spaces: troubleshooting the study of dietary niche space overlap between North American stem primates and rodents. Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties 4:024005.
Rantala MJ. 2007. Evolution of nakedness in Homo sapiens. Journal of Zoology 273:1-7. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00295.x
Reich D and 27 others. 2010. Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia. Nature 468:10531060. DOI: 10.1038/nature09710
Richmond BG, Jungers WL. 2008. Orrorin tugenensis femoral morphology and the evolution of hominin bipedalism. Science 319:1662-1665. DOI: 10.1126/science.1154197
Richter D and 11 others. 2017. The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age. Nature 546:293-296. DOI: 10.1038/nature22335
Rink WJ, Schwarcz HP, Smith FH, Radovĉić J., 1995. ESR ages for Krapina hominids. Nature 378:24. DOI: 10.1038/378024a0
Rogers AR, Bohlender RJ, Huff CD. 2017. Early history of Neanderthals and Denisovans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 114:9859-9863. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706426114
Rogers AR, Iltis D, Wooding S. 2004. Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of body hair. Current Anthropology 45:105-108. https://doi.org/10.1086/381006
Ross C. 2003. Life history, infant care strategies, and brain size in primates. In Kappeler P, Pereira M (eds.) Primate Life Histories and Socioecology, pp. 266-284. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Rouquier S, Blancer A, Giorgi D. 2000. The olfactory receptor gene repertoire in primates and mouse: Evidence for reduction of the functional fraction in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 97:2870-2874. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.040580197
Ruff CB, Burgess ML, Ketcham RA, Kappelman J. 2016. Limb bone structural proportions and locomotor behavior in A.L. 288-1 (“Lucy”). PLoS ONE 11:e0166095. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166095
Sarrazin F, Lecomte J. 2016. Evolution in the Anthropocene. Science 351:922-923. DOI: 10.1126/science.aad6756
Sauther ML, Cuzzo FP. 2012. Understanding Eocene primate palaeobiology using a comprehensive analysis of living primate ecology, biology and behaviour. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 92:573-583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-012-0089-1
Sawyer S and 9 others. 2015. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences from two Denisovan individuals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 112:15696-15700. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519905112
Schroeder L and 8 others. 2016. Skull diversity in the Homo lineage and the relative position of Homo naledi. Journal of Human Evolution 104:124-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.09.014
Scott E. 2010. Extinctions, scenarios, and assumptions: Changes in latest Pleistocene large herbivore abundance and distribution in western North America. Quaternary International 217:225–239. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.003
Seiffert ER, Perry JMG, Simons EL, Boyer DM. 2009. Convergent evolution of anthropoid-like adaptations in Eocene adapiform primates. Nature 461:1118-1122. DOI: 10.1038/nature08429
Shipman P. 2015. How do you kill 86 mammoths? Taphonomic investigations of mammoth megasites. Quatenary International 359-60:38-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.048
Silcox MT, Bloch JI, Boyer DM, Chester SGB, López-Torres S. 2017. The first radiation of Primates. Evolutionary Anthropology 26:74-94. DOI:10.1002/evan.21526
Silcox MT. 2008. The biogeographic origins of Primates and Euprimates: East, west, north, or south of Eden? In Sargis E, Dagosto M (eds.) Mammalian Evolutionary Morphology: A tribute to Frederick S. Szalay, pp. 199-231. Springer Science + Business Media, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6997-0_10
Silcox MT. 2017. Plesiadapiform. In Fuentes A (ed.) The International Encyclopedia of Primatology, pp. 1-2. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. DOI: 10.1002/9781119179131.wbprim0038
Silcox MT. 2017. Purgatorius. In Fuentes A (ed.) The International Encyclopedia of Primatology, pp. 1-2. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. DOI: 10.1002/9781119179131.wbprim0037
Simonti CN and 20 others. 2016. The phenotypic legacy of admixture between modern humans and Neandertals. Science 351:737-741. DOI: 10.1126/science.aad2149
Slon V and 12 others. 2017. A fourth Denisovan individual. Science Advances 3:e1700186. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700186
Smith BD, Zeder MA. 2013. The onset of the Anthropocene. Anthropocene 4:8-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2013.05.001
Smith TD, DeLeon VB, Rosenberger AL. 2013. At birth, tarsiers lack a postorbital bar or septum. The Anatomical Record 296:365-377. DOI: 10.1002/ar.22648
Springer MS and 11 others. 2012. Macroevolutionary dynamics and historical biogeography of primate diversification inferred from a species supermatrix. PLoS ONE 7:e49521. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0049521
Stevens NJ and 9 others. 2013. Paleontological evidence for an Oligocene divergence between Old World monkeys and apes. Nature 497:611-614. DOI: 10.1038/nature12161
Stringer C, Galway-Witham J. 2017. Palaeoanthropology: On the origins of our species. Nature News & Views 546:212-213. DOI:10.1038/546212a
Stringer C. 2016. The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 371:20150237. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0237
Stuart AJ, Lister AM. 2012. Extinction chronology of the woolly rhinoceros Coelodonta antiquitatis in the context of late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in northern Eurasia. Quaternary Science Reviews 51:1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.06.007
Stuart AJ. 2015. Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions on the continents: a short review. Geological Journal 50:338-363. 10.1002/gj.2633
Surovell TA, Pelton SP, Anderson-Sprecher R, Myers AD. Test of Martin’s overkill hypothesis using radiocarbon dates on extinct megafauna. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 113:886-891. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1504020112
Sutikna T and 20 others. 2016. Revised stratigraphy and chronology for Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua in Indonesia. Nature 532:366-369. DOI: 10.1038/nature17179
Thorpe SKS, Holder RL, Crompton RH. 2007. Origin of human bipedalism as an adaptation for locomotion on flexible branches. Science 316:1328-1331. DOI: 10.1126/science.1140799
Tocheri MW and 9 others. 2007. The primitive wrist of Homo floresiensis and its implications for hominin evolution. Science 317:1743-1745. DOI: 10.1126/science.1147143
Towle I, Irish JD, De Groot I. 2017. Behavioral inferences from the high levels of dental chipping in Homo naledi. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 164:184-192. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.23250
Van den Bergh GD and 7 others. 2016. Homo floresiensis-like fossils from the early Middle Pleistocene of Flores. Nature 534:245-248. DOI: 10.1038/nature17999
Van Valkenburgh B, Hayward MW, Ripple WJ, Meloro C, Roth VL. The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 113:862-867. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502554112
Vernot B and 16 others. 2016. Excavating Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from the genomes of Melanesian individuals. Science 352:235-239. DOI: 10.1126/science.aad9416
Villmoare B and 8 others. 2015. Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Gerau, Afar, Ethiopia. Science 347:1352-1355. DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1343
Ward CV, Kimbel WH, Johanson DC. 2011. Complete fourth metatarsal and arches in the foot of Australopithecus afarensis. Science 331:750-753. DOI: 10.1126/science.1201463
Ward CV, Nalley TK, Spoor F, Tafforeau P, Alemseged Z. 2017. Thoracic vertebral count and thoracolumbar transition in Australopithecus afarensis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 114:6000-6004. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702229114
Waters CN and 23 others. 2016. The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene. Science 351:137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad2622
Westaway KE and 22 others. 2017. An early modern human presence in Sumatra 73,000-63,000 years ago. Nature 548:322-325. DOI: 10.1038/nature23452
Weyrich LS and 30 others. 2017. Neanderthal behaviour, diet, and disease inferred from ancient DNA in dental calculus. Nature 544:357-361. DOI: 10.1038/nature21674
White TD and 21 others. 2006. Asa Issie, Aramis, and the origin of Australopithecus. Nature 440:883-889. DOI: 10.1038/nature04629
White TD and 6 others. 2009. Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids. Science 326:75-86. DOI: 10.1126/science.1175802 (See also 10 other papers in the same issue.)
White TD and 6 others. 2009. Ardipithecus ramidus. Science 326 (5949):36-43 and 60-74.
Whiten A and 8 others. 1999. Cultures in chimpanzees. Nature 399:682-685. DOI: 10.1038/21415
Wich SA and 15 others. 2008. Distribution and conservation of status of the orang-utan (Pongo spp.) on Borneo and Sumatra: how many remain? Fauna & Flora International, Oryx, 42:329-339. https://doi.org/10.017/S003060530800197X
Williams BA, Kay RF, Kirk EC. 2010. New perspectives on anthropoid origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 107:4797-4804. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908320107
Williams SA and 8 others. 2017. The vertebrae and ribs of Homo naledi. Journal of Human Evolution 104:136-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.11.003
Wood B, Harrison T. 2011. The evolutionary context of the first hominins. Nature 470:347-352. DOI: 10.1038/nature09709
Worm B. 2015. A most unusual (super)predator. Science 349:784-785. doi: 10.1126/science.aac
Yokoyama Y, Falguères C, Sémah F, Jacob T, Grün R. 2008. Gamma-ray spectrometric dating of late Homo erectus skulls from Ngandong and Sambungmacan, Central Java, Indonesia. Journal of Human Evolution 55:274-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.01.006
Young NM, Capellini TD, Roach NT, Alemseged Z. 2015. Fossil hominin shoulders support and African ape-like last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 112:11829-11834. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511220112
Zalasiewicz J and 16 others. 2016. The geological cycle of plastics and their use as a stratigraphic indicator of the Anthropocene. Anthropocene 13:4-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2016.01.002
Zalasiewicz J and 25 others. 2015. When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal. Quaternary International 383:196-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.11.045
Zalmout IS and 12 others. 2010. New Oligocene primate from Saudi Arabia and the divergence of apes and Old World monkeys. Nature 466:360-364. DOI: 10.1038/nature09094
Zijlstra JS, Flynn LJ, Wessels W. 2013. The westernmost tarsier: A new genus and species from the Miocene of Pakistan. Journal of Human Evolution 65:544-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.06.015