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. What are the three levels of moral reasoning identified by Kohlberg in order from lowest to highest?

a) Postconventional, conventional, preconventional correct incorrect

b) Neoconventional, preconventional, conventional correct incorrect

c) Neoconventional, conventional, postconventional correct incorrect

d) Preconventional, conventional, postconventional correct incorrect

e) Postconventional, neoconventional, preconventional correct incorrect

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. According to Kohlberg's theory, why are low moral reasoners more likely to offend than high moral reasoners?

a) They cannot distinguish between what is right and wrong. correct incorrect

b) They are highly influenced by situational factors and rewarding opportunities to offend. correct incorrect

c) They resent authority figures and ignore the possibility they will be punished. correct incorrect

d) They are more likely to employ mechanisms of moral disengagement. correct incorrect

e) They exhibit symptoms of psychopathy. correct incorrect

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. Karl Eichmann, a high-ranking Nazi and key participant in the Holocaust, argued in his defence that he was only following Hitler's orders and was in fact carrying out acts of the state." Eichmann was using which of the following forms of moral disengagement?"

a) Dehumanization correct incorrect

b) Displacement of responsibility correct incorrect

c) Euphemistic labeling correct incorrect

d) Displacement of responsibility correct incorrect

e) Attribution of blame correct incorrect

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. Which moral disengagement processes operate by re-casting the perpetrator's reprehensible conduct in a more favourable light?

a) Euphemistic labelling, moral justification, and advantageous comparisons correct incorrect

b) Displacement of responsibility, moral justification, and attribution of blame correct incorrect

c) Advantageous comparisons, dehumanization, and diffusion of responsibility correct incorrect

d) Moral justification, attribution of blame, and euphemistic labelling correct incorrect

e) Dehumanization, diffusion of responsibility, and moral justification correct incorrect

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. Berkowitz's cognitive neoassociation theory is an elaboration of which earlier theory?

a) The frustration-aggression hypothesis correct incorrect

b) Excitation transfer theory correct incorrect

c) Deindividuation correct incorrect

d) Moral disengagement correct incorrect

e) The general aggression model correct incorrect

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. The idea that aggressive and violent behaviour can result when pre-existing physiologically aroused is misidentified as anger based on the person's current context lies at the core of which theory?

a) The excitation transfer theory correct incorrect

b) The general aggression model correct incorrect

c) The frustration-aggression hypothesis correct incorrect

d) Cognitive neoassociation model correct incorrect

e) Walters' criminal thinking styles correct incorrect

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. The process of deindividuation probably best accounts for the violent behaviour of whom?

a) Suicide bombers correct incorrect

b) Road rage incidents correct incorrect

c) School shooters correct incorrect

d) Rioting mobs correct incorrect

e) Stalkers correct incorrect

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. Social information processing theories suggest that aggressive and violent behavioural responses are the result of biases and processing errors which occur during which process?

a) Encoding process correct incorrect

b) Interpretation process correct incorrect

c) Response search process correct incorrect

d) Response evaluation process correct incorrect

e) All of the above correct incorrect

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. What is "priming"?

a) The verbal commands used to apply psychological pressure to people so they obey correct incorrect

b) A physiological process that increases arousal and energizes behaviour correct incorrect

c) A social psychological phenomenon whereby the behaviour of one person serves as an example that is copied by the other members of a group correct incorrect

d) A cognitive process that increases the accessibility of mental structures like scripts correct incorrect

e) The use of intoxicating substances to reduce fear and anxiety that might otherwise deter the person from offending correct incorrect

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. The General Aggression Model identifies two broad groups of causes and process that contribute to aggressive behaviour. ________ operate in the background and indirectly increase the risk of aggression, and ________ have a more immediate and direct influence on the risk of aggression.

a) Noncognitive factors; cognitive factors correct incorrect

b) Nonsocial factors; social factors correct incorrect

c) Personality factors; situational factors correct incorrect

d) Cognitive factors; emotional factors correct incorrect

e) Distal factors; proximate factors correct incorrect