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. The series of Bobo doll studies conducted by Albert Bandura and his colleagues provide evidence that best supports which of the following learning-based theories?

a) Differential association correct incorrect

b) Observational learning correct incorrect

c) Operant conditioning correct incorrect

d) Classical conditioning correct incorrect

e) Reinforcement correct incorrect

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. Hans Eysenck theorized that the human conscience develops as a result of which of the following?

a) Classical conditioning correct incorrect

b) Observational learning correct incorrect

c) Operant conditioning correct incorrect

d) Differential association correct incorrect

e) Reinforcement correct incorrect

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. In observational learning, the initial stage of learning a criminal behaviour depends heavily on ________, while the latter stage of enacting and repeating that criminal behaviour depends more on ________.

a) reinforcement; classical conditioning correct incorrect

b) classical conditioning; reinforcement correct incorrect

c) cognitive processes; reinforcement correct incorrect

d) reinforcement; cognitive processes correct incorrect

e) cognitive processes; classical conditioning correct incorrect

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. Someone who exhibits poor "conditionability" is likely to experience difficulty with which of the following learning process?

a) Operant conditioning correct incorrect

b) Classical conditioning correct incorrect

c) Differential association correct incorrect

d) Observational learning correct incorrect

e) Reinforcement correct incorrect

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. According to Sutherland's theory of differential association, the view that it is important that we follow the rules, otherwise we would live in chaos, is an example of which of the following?

a) Minimizing definition correct incorrect

b) Positive definition correct incorrect

c) Neutralizing definition correct incorrect

d) Negative definition correct incorrect

e) Differential definitions correct incorrect

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. Murdering a blackmailer so the killer no longer has to pay money to the victim is an example of which of the following?

a) Positive reinforcement correct incorrect

b) Negative reinforcement correct incorrect

c) Extinction correct incorrect

d) Positive punishment correct incorrect

e) Negative punishment correct incorrect

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. Reinforcing every appropriate response is a ________ reinforcement schedule, whereas reinforcing some, but not every appropriate response is a ________ reinforcement schedule.

a) constant; periodic correct incorrect

b) regular; irregular correct incorrect

c) consistent; inconsistent correct incorrect

d) steady; undetermined correct incorrect

e) continuous; intermittent correct incorrect

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. In Sutherland's differential association theory, the modality of priority reflects which of the following?

a) Associations that account for a large proportion of a person's time are more influential. correct incorrect

b) Recently formed, new associations are more influential. correct incorrect

c) Associations with a high rate of contact are more influential. correct incorrect

d) Associations formed early in life are more influential. correct incorrect

e) Associations that are meaningful and enjoyable are more influential. correct incorrect

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. Gustav sees a friend successfully shoplift a chocolate bar from a convenience store and so he decides to try it too. What is this an example of?

a) Social reinforcement correct incorrect

b) Direct reinforcement correct incorrect

c) Negative reinforcement correct incorrect

d) Vicarious reinforcement correct incorrect

e) Observational reinforcement correct incorrect

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. Which of the following statements accurately describes Akers' (2009) differential association-reinforcement theory?

a) A person's social associations are thought to act as discriminative stimuli. correct incorrect

b) A person begins life behaviourally neutral with no pre-existing tendencies toward prosocial or antisocial behaviour. correct incorrect

c) It incorporates classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. correct incorrect

d) Criminal behaviour rarely occurs without prior exposure to procriminal associates. correct incorrect

e) All of the above correct incorrect