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. Which theory argues that early-onset criminal and violent behaviour develops out of a family environment characterized by problematic parent-child interactions?

a) Age-graded theory of informal social control correct incorrect

b) Incremental development theory correct incorrect

c) Control theory correct incorrect

d) Human agency model of delinquency correct incorrect

e) Coercion theory correct incorrect

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. Why do life-course persistent offenders have difficulty desisting from crime?

a) The benefits of antisocial behaviour outweigh the costs associated with such behaviour. correct incorrect

b) They continue to receive positive and negative reinforcement from deviant and non-deviant peer groups. correct incorrect

c) They possess a limited behavioural repertoire. correct incorrect

d) Their delinquency has gone undetected. correct incorrect

e) They have not experienced beneficial structural turning points. correct incorrect

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. According to coercion theory, a difficult temperament in early childhood can result in problems with internalizing and/or developing subsequent prosocial interpersonal skills at different age levels, creating which of the following?

a) A cumulative disadvantage correct incorrect

b) Normativity correct incorrect

c) A time paradox correct incorrect

d) Reinforcement contingency correct incorrect

e) A temptation trap correct incorrect

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. Which term refers to a process in which adolescent-limited offenders often initially engage in antisocial behaviour by imitating the "bad behaviour" of their delinquent peers to gain social status?

a) Reinforcement contingency correct incorrect

b) Social mimicry correct incorrect

c) Structural turning points correct incorrect

d) Coercive interactions correct incorrect

e) Human agency correct incorrect

* not completed

. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by which of the following symptoms?

a) Inattention correct incorrect

b) Vindictiveness correct incorrect

c) Deceitfulness correct incorrect

d) Both A and C correct incorrect

e) All of the above correct incorrect

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. Perinatal birth complications refer to which of the following?

a) A pattern of aversive and dynamic parent-child interactions correct incorrect

b) Significant life events that introduce informal social control to an individual's life correct incorrect

c) Externalizing childhood disorders correct incorrect

d) Developmental problems experienced immediately before or after birth correct incorrect

e) Developmental difficulties experienced prior to birth correct incorrect

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. Permissive parenting styles often result in which of the following outcomes in children?

a) High levels of self-control correct incorrect

b) Poor school performance correct incorrect

c) Lower levels of self-esteem correct incorrect

d) Both A and C correct incorrect

e) All of the above correct incorrect

* not completed

. Parental monitoring involves which of the following?

a) Setting limits on a child's time and activities correct incorrect

b) Knowing who a child's friends are correct incorrect

c) Knowing where a child goes correct incorrect

d) Knowing how a child spends his/her free time correct incorrect

e) All of the above correct incorrect

* not completed

. Active forms of peer or interpersonal rejection would include which of the following?

a) Social ostracism correct incorrect

b) Name-calling correct incorrect

c) Bullying correct incorrect

d) Both B and C correct incorrect

e) All of the above correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which term refers to the tendency of delinquent youth to seek out delinquent peers?

a) Peer monitoring correct incorrect

b) Sociometric status correct incorrect

c) Homophily correct incorrect

d) Permissive peer selection correct incorrect

e) Defiant peer selection strategy correct incorrect