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. While the majority of Canadians believe that marijuana should be legal, a small minority still think it should be illegal. This best illustrates which perspective on crime and law?

a) Consensus theory of crime correct incorrect

b) Authoritarian theory of crime correct incorrect

c) Conflict theory of crime correct incorrect

d) General public paradox correct incorrect

e) Law and order agenda correct incorrect

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. Lyon and Welsh (2017) define "violence" as which of the following?

a) An intentional act correct incorrect

b) Actual physical harm correct incorrect

c) Threatened or attempted physical harm correct incorrect

d) Both A and B correct incorrect

e) All of the above correct incorrect

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. Which of the following would NOT typically characterize reactive forms of violence?

a) Planned acts of violence correct incorrect

b) Victims often have close existing relationships with the perpetrator correct incorrect

c) Spontaneous acts of violence correct incorrect

d) High emotional arousal correct incorrect

e) A response to frustration, provocation, or perceived provocation correct incorrect

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. Sociological theories of spousal violence would focus on the role of patriarchal social structures while psychological theories would focus on why some individuals exposed to patriarchal values commit spousal assault while others do no not. Psychological theories are examples of which of the following?

a) Macro theories correct incorrect

b) Biological theories correct incorrect

c) Micro theories correct incorrect

d) Social theories correct incorrect

e) Axiomatic theories correct incorrect

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. When children are younger they may resort to physical aggression in response to problems. As they develop empathy and problem-solving skills, their reliance of physical aggression decreases. This example illustrates which of the following types of differences?

a) Micro differences correct incorrect

b) Meta differences correct incorrect

c) Macro differences correct incorrect

d) Inter-individual differences correct incorrect

e) Intra-individual differences correct incorrect

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. Which term refers to a set of interconnected statements that explain the relationship between two or more events?

a) Theory correct incorrect

b) Definition correct incorrect

c) Variable correct incorrect

d) Methodology correct incorrect

e) Explanation correct incorrect

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. To determine whether head injuries contribute to criminal and violent offending, a researcher compares of people with pre-existing head injuries and a control group of people who are injury free. This example illustrates which of the following research designs?

a) Case study design correct incorrect

b) Non-participant observation correct incorrect

c) Experimental design correct incorrect

d) Meta-analysis correct incorrect

e) Quasi-experimental design correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is a limitation often associated with quasi-experimental research designs?

a) Participant drop-outs correct incorrect

b) Control and experimental groups may be non-equivalent correct incorrect

c) Small sample sizes correct incorrect

d) External validity correct incorrect

e) Lack of empirical measurement correct incorrect

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. A true experiment is characterized by which of the following?

a) Random assignment of study participants correct incorrect

b) Use of an experimental group correct incorrect

c) Use of a control or comparison group correct incorrect

d) Both B and C correct incorrect

e) All of the above correct incorrect

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. A survey of a sample of Canadian adults finds that people who report higher levels of binge drinking are also more likely to self-report committing different forms of violent acts. This example best illustrates which of the following research designs?

a) Experimental design correct incorrect

b) Correlational design correct incorrect

c) Case study design correct incorrect

d) Meta-analysis correct incorrect

e) Ethnographic design correct incorrect