Chapter 8 Exercises

References and Plagiarism
. Match the items to the type of source they represent.

Primary Source

.

Secondary Source

.

Tertiary Source

. Which example below shows correct reference placement?

. Is a reference needed for this sentence?
A vast number of endemic species exists on the Galapagos Islands.

. Is a reference needed for this sentence?
Like reptiles, amphibians, such as frogs and toads molt regularly.

. Is a reference needed for this sentence?
Although low concentrations of phosphorus are often a limiting factor in plant growth, excess phosphorous in the soil is correlated with de-creased plant health.

. Please see the following original sentence, and then a sentence based on the original sentence. Is the second sentence plagiarized or paraphrased?

Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos ssp.) encompass all living North American subspecies of the brown bear: the mainland grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis), the Kodiak (Ursus arctos middendorffi), and the peninsular grizzly (Ursus arctos gyas), but none of the giant brown bear subspecies found in Russia, Northern China, and Korea.

Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos ssp.) consist of the North American subspecies of the brown bear, including the mainland grizzly (Ursus arctos horribilis), the Kodiak (Ursus arctos middendorffi), and the peninsular grizzly (Ursus arctos gyas), but not the subspecies found in Russia, Northern China, and Korea.

. Please see the following original paragraph, and then a paragraph based on the original sentence. Is the second paragraph plagiarized or paraphrased?

Healthy older adults often experience mild decline in some areas of cognition. The most prominent cognitive deficits of normal aging include forgetfulness, vulnerability to distraction and other types of interference, as well as impairments in multi-tasking and mental flexibility (Albert, 1997; Bimonte, 2003). These cognitive functions are the domain of the prefrontal cortex, the most highly evolved part of the human brain. Prefrontal cortical cognitive abilities begin to weaken even in middle age, and are especially impaired when we are stressed. Understanding how the prefrontal cortex changes with age is a top priority for rescuing the memory and attention functions we need to survive in our fast-paced, complex culture.

In healthy older adults often some areas of cognition decline. The most noticeable cognitive declines of normal aging include forgetfulness, vulnerability to distraction, and problems in multi-tasking. These cognitive tasks are localized in the prefrontal cortex, which is the most highly evolved portion of the brain. Already in middle age prefrontal cortical cognitive functions start to decrease. Such functions are also particularly affected during any type of stress. Studying memory and attention is important to understand how the prefrontal cortex changes with age. It is particularly important to understand these changes in our current fast-paced lifestyle.

. Please see the following original paragraph, and then a paragraph based on the original sentence. Is the second paragraph plagiarized or paraphrased?

It has currently been recognized that both the type and characteristics of the rust layers formed on the steel surfaces are very important because they can determine their protective properties. According to a recent theoretical model developed by Hoerlé et al. (2), the long-term corrosion behavior of iron exposed to wet-dry cycles is largely controlled by the characteristics of the rust layers. Additionally, the differences between the corrosion behavior observed for different types of steels have been related to the rust layer characteristics. Okada et al. (8) have carefully investigated, by using detailed variable temperature Mössbauer spectrometry, the protective rust formed on both weathering and mild steels after 35 years of exposure to a Japanese semirural type atmosphere. They reported that the rust on both steels is composed of goethite (major component), lepidocrocite (minor component) and traces of magnetite.

Rust constituents can determine the performance of steels and influence their life expectancy. The characteristics of the rust layers control the long term corrosion behavior of iron exposed to wet-dry cycles (2). For example, after 35 years of ex-posure in Japan, rust formed on steels under vari-ous conditions is composed of mainly goethite, some lepidocrocite, and traces of magnetite (8).

. Avoid placing any citations in the _____ of your scientific paper.

. Please see the following original paragraph, and then a paragraph based on the original sentence. Is the second paragraph plagiarized or paraphrased?

Killer Whales are well-known as predators of other marine mammals, including the large Sperm and baleen whales. Members of all marine mammal families, except the river dolphins and manatees, have been recorded as prey of Killer Whales; attacks have been observed on 20 species of cetaceans, 14 species of pinnipeds, the Sea Otter, and the Dugong. Ecological interactions have not been systematically studied and further work may indicate that the Killer Whale is a more important predator for some populations than previously believed. Not all behavioural interactions between Killer Whales and other marine mammal species result in predation, however. Some involve 'harassment' by the Killer Whales, feeding by both species in the same area, por-poises playing around Killer Whales, both species apparently 'ignoring' each other, and even apparently unprovoked attacks on Killer Whales by sea lions. These non-predatory interactions are relatively common. We conclude that interactions between Killer Whales and marine mammals are complex, involving many different factors that we are just beginning to understand.
(Jefferson, T. A., Stacey, P. J., and Baird, R. W. (2008).
Mammal Review 21(4): 151-180)
Killer Whales prey on other marine mammals such as the large Sperm and baleen whales, and on members of all marine mammal families, except the river dolphins and manatees. Killer Whales have also attacked cetaceans, pinnipeds, the Sea Otter, and the Dugong. Some interactions be-tween Killer Whales and other marine mammal species do not result in predation, for example, "harassment" by the Killer Whales, feeding by both species in the same area, porpoises playing around Killer Whales, and even attacks on Killer Whales by sea lions. These non-predatory interactions are relatively common. Thus, interactions between Killer Whales and marine mammals are complex, and involve many different factors that we are just beginning to understand, [and] further work is necessary to understand the ecological interactions of Killer Whales.

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