Chapter 09 Self-assessment

. While there are many parallels to Latin American cultural-nationalist projects around the world at this time, the closest contemporary analogue for nations like Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina was

Turkey.

The United States.

Nazi Germany.

The Soviet Union.

. José Vasconcelos' book La Raza Cósmica

Depicted Spanish influence as backwards and barbarous.

Argued that indigenous and mestizo Mexicans needed to adopt European and US cultural forms.

Argued that Mexico's national culture was mestizo, and that it preserved the best of both indigenous and Spanish cultures.

Argued that the state should suppress indigenous cultures in order to allow indigenous people to assimilate into Mexican culture.

. The experience of federal rural schools in indigenous areas of Mexico in the 1930s showed that it was impossible to reconcile the goals of "improving" indigenous people and preserving their communities' distinct identity.

True.

False.

. Many Guatemalan elites resisted efforts to solve the "Indian problem" out of fear that making indigenous people into citizens was a threat to the elites' influence and survival.

True.

False.

. Typical heroes in Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco's paintings and murals included all of the following character types EXCEPT

Revolutionary chieftains like Emiliano Zapata.

Heroic conquistadores.

Diligent factory workers.

Hardworking campesinos.

. Frida Kahlo's self-portraits and clothing and style choices espoused a similar message of mestiza Mexican nationalism as Vasconcelos' book La Raza Cósmica.

True.

False.

. Films such as María Candelaria and comics such as Adelita simultaneously critiqued and upheld traditional notions of patriarchy and of female beauty, piety, and chastity.

True.

False.

. Factors leading to the outbreak of the Cristero Revolt included all of the following EXCEPT

The Archbishop of Mexico City's declaration that Mexican Catholics could ignore the anticlerical provisions of the 1917 Constitution.

The federal government's decision to close parochial schools and force priests to register with the state.

The Catholic Church's decision to go on strike, refusing to offer the sacraments.

The Church's demands for the restoration of its properties and tax-exempt privileges.

. Which of the following statements about the 1945 Inti Raymi celebration in Cuzco, Peru is FALSE?

It cast a tall, light-skinned mestizo to play the Inka emperor.

It celebrated the glories of the pre-colonial Inca past while also incorporating contemporary mestizo arts, crafts, and folklore.

It excluded actual indigenous people from participating.

It exemplifies the revival and appropriation of aspects of indigenous culture by middle-class nationalist politicians.

. Which of the following statements about José Carlos Mariátegui is FALSE?

He sought to reconcile Peru's indigenous past and traditions with Marxist revolutionary theory.

He was a populist in the style of his rival Victor Raúl Haya de la Torre.

He saw Peru's rural indigenous peasantry as a potential revolutionary force.

His writings deviated from accepted leftist theory at the time, but would be inspirational in subsequent decades.

. Andean indigenista authors

Tended to use subtlety and allegory to conceal or soften the extent of their criticism

Hesitated to expose the abuses indigenous people suffered at the hands of economic and political elites, preferring to focus on purely cultural issues.

Had some success influencing social policy, though indigenista-inspired laws were often weakly enforced.

Focused on historical rather than contemporary indigenous cultures.

@@Incorrect. Please see page 410-14 of Latin America in the Modern World.

. Which of the following statements about Chile's southern frontier is TRUE?

The indigenous Mapuche people were all but extinguished by the Spanish conquest in the sixteenth century.

@@Incorrect. Please see page 414-16 of Latin America in the Modern World.

The Mapuche were eventually confined to reservations and excluded from much of their former territory.

German immigration transformed the demographics of the Chilean south in late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

@@Incorrect. Please see page 414-16 of Latin America in the Modern World.

Jobs in the forestry sector more than made up for the subsistence lost when local people lost access to the land after it was enclosed and commercialized.

@@Incorrect. Please see page 414-16 of Latin America in the Modern World.

. Which of the following statements about Brazilian social theorist Gilberto Freyre is FALSE?

Though influential in the rest of Latin America, his views on race were too esoteric to be of much influence in Brazilian society.

He saw Brazil's African influences as a source of national and cultural strength.

He embraced the nineteenth-century legacies of social hierarchy, including patriarchy and racial paternalism.

He broke with the prevailing view among modernizers that white immigration would help Brazil advance.

. Across Latin America, there was a direct correlation between the prevalence of women in the urban industrial and white-collar workforces and the ease and pace at which women achieved the right to vote.

True

False

. The racial identifications of Argentine tango and Brazilian samba reflect the prevailing trends in both countries at the time toward incorporating people of African descent into the national identity.

True

False

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