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. What does 'direct effects' mean?

EU law is automatically part of national law. correct incorrect

The judicial enforcement of rights arising from provisions of EU law, which can be upheld in favour of individuals in the courts of the member States. correct incorrect

EU law can be directly applied by the member States. correct incorrect

The ability to take a case directly before the European Court of Justice. correct incorrect

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. Provided that certain criteria are satisfied, an EU law provision will give rise to a right that is enforceable by individuals in the national courts.

True correct incorrect

False
correct incorrect

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. To which of the following can direct effects can be applied?

Treaty Articles only. correct incorrect

Regulations only. correct incorrect

All forms of EU law. correct incorrect

Directives only. correct incorrect

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. The leading case of ___ ____ __ ____ was the case in which the European Court of Justice first introduced direct effects.

Your response

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. In Case C-152/84 Marshall, the European Court of Justice held that Directives could be enforced horizontally by one individual against another.

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. Emanations of the State against which direct effects are available were those bodies that are which of the following?

Part of the central government. correct incorrect

Maintained with State money. correct incorrect

Public service providers under the control of the State and which, for that purpose, are granted special powers. correct incorrect

Completely unconnected with the private sector. correct incorrect

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. 'Indirect effects' is the principle that, further to ex Art. 10 EC (now 4(3) TEU), requires all authorities of member States, including the courts, to interpret national law in such a way as to ensure the obligations of a Directive are obeyed.

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. 'Incidental horizontal effects' means that Directives can be enforced between individuals.

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. The principle of 'State liability' means which of the following?

Member States are liable to implement all EU law. correct incorrect

Member States must pay fines to the Commission for breaches of EU law. correct incorrect

Member States are liable to be taken by individuals before the European Court of Justice for breaches of EU law. correct incorrect

Member States should make good any damage caused to individuals that was the consequence of a breach of EU law. correct incorrect

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. In order for liability to arise on the part of the member State, there must have been a sufficiently serious breach of a superior rule of law designed for the protection of individuals.

True correct incorrect

False correct incorrect

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. The 'autonomy of national procedural law' means which of the following?

National procedural law must create new rules for EU law rights. correct incorrect

It is up to each member State to determine the procedural conditions governing court actions even if involving EU law. correct incorrect

National procedural law must be repealed. correct incorrect

National procedural law can never apply to EU law. correct incorrect