In field research, this may be safeguarded by using fictitious names for individuals, groups, and locations.

Directs researchers to consider participants’ welfare by maximizing the benefits and minimizing the possible harms of research.

Federal regulations for protecting research participants.

The final arbiter of the ethics of proposed studies at virtually all colleges and universities in the U.S.

The Belmont principle that underlies the ethical requirement of informed consent.

Protects participants’ freedom of choice to participate in research.

An essential procedure in studies involving deception that serves methodological and educational purposes.

May have occurred in Regnerus’s study of same-sex parenting because it was funded by conservative foundations.

Secures research participants’ right to privacy.

Poses questions concerning how to conduct research in moral and responsible ways.

The benefits and burdens of research should be fairly distributed.

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