After reading this chapter, students should be able to:

1. Describe how criminologists typically study racial discrimination in the juvenile justice system.

2. Discuss the major conclusions that criminologists have drawn from these studies of racial discrimination.

3. Identify the most important determinants of a juvenile's treatment within the justice system.

4. Describe how racial discrimination varies across police departments and juvenile courts, and by type of crime.

5. Explain direct and indirect racial discrimination.

6. Discuss why and how states are addressing the over-representation of minorities in the juvenile justice system.

7. Discuss findings regarding class and gender discrimination within the juvenile justice system.

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