Methods of monitoring, implementing and enforcing international human rights are addressed in this chapter. The following links provide further information thereon.

The UN System of monitoring human rights

www.ohchr.org - Contains links to the treaties, the Committees and other related materials. Each Committee site contains information on sessions, rules of procedure and relevant statistics.

www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/Pages/TreatyBodies.aspx - United Nations individual communications to treaty bodies, accessible under each treaty body.

www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/Pages/Communications.aspx - UN Communications under extra-conventional mechanisms.

Reviewing the UN system

In the text, two principal reports are mentioned. They are obtainable online.

www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/Pages/DocumentsSystem.aspx - Professor Philip Alston's final report to the United Nations on the Effective Functioning of Human Rights Mechanisms.

www.bayefsky.com/tree.php/id/9250 - This link goes to Professor Ann Bayefsky's report, Universality at the Crossroads.

www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/A.59.2005.Add.3.pdf - This link goes to the full text of the former Secretary General (Kofi Annan)'s report 'In larger Freedom - towards security, development and human rights for all'.

www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/a_more_secure_world.shtml - This link goes to the former Secretary General (Kofi Annan)'s High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, the text of the report can be accessed therefrom.

www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/icm-mc/index.htm - This link goes to the website of the Annual Meeting of Chairpersons of Human Rights Treaty Bodies and Inter-Committee Meeting

http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/treaty/reform.htm - This link to the OHCHR provides information and links on reforming and enhancing the UN treaty body system.

www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/icm-mc/docs/HRI.MC.2006.2.pdf - Concept paper on a unified treaty monitoring body.

Regional comparators

In the text comparisons are made with the various regional systems. Comprehensive link information is provided in chapters 7-9.

www.coe.int - The Council of Europe. The European Court of Human Rights is one of the most active human rights bodies.

www.oas.org - The Organization of American States. Various methods of monitoring human rights are used

www.au.int - The African Union. The newest system which demonstrates many innovative features.