Chapter 3: Language and the Brain

3.1 Evidence from Damage to the Brain

• The case of Phineas Gage
• Box 3.1: Phineas Gage and his brain
• Language at Large 3.1 One hundred names for love: Aphasia strikes a literary couple
• Language localization: Broca and Wernicke
• Creating brain maps for language
• Brain lateralization
• Method 3.1: The need for language diversity in aphasia research
• 3.1 Questions to Contemplate

3.2 Mapping the Healthy Human Brain

• Localizing language: Brain mapping techniques
• Method 3.2: Comparing apples and oranges in fMRI
• Language function is distributed throughout the brain in complex networks
• Language relies on the interaction of separate knowledge systems
• Box 3.2: The functional neuroanatomy of language
• Brain organization for language is both specialized and flexible
• Language at Large 3.2: Brain bunk: Separating science from pseudoscience
• Putting together the what, where, and how of brain functioning
• Box 3.3: Are Broca and Wernicke dead?
• 3.2 Questions to Contemplate

3.3 The Brain in Real-Time Action

• Measuring electrical brain activity in response to language
• Using ERPs to learn the timing of brain processes
• Identifying ERP components for linguistic functions: The N400 and P600 effects
• Is it just language?
• Language at Large 3.3: Using EEG to assess patients in a vegetative state
• Box 3.4: A musical P600 effect
• Researchers at Work 3.1: Using ERPs to detect cross-language activation
• 3.3 Questions to Contemplate
• Digging Deeper: Language and music

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