Chapter 8 Multiple Choice Questions

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. Which of the following statements best describes policy instruments?

They are unhelpful for addressing environmental problems. correct incorrect

They are merely neutral technical options devoid of political considerations. correct incorrect

Their use often rests on normative and political ideas. correct incorrect

They only refer to forms of formal regulation. correct incorrect

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. Important behavioural changes induced by an international treaty reflect which type of effectiveness?

Output correct incorrect

Outcome correct incorrect

Outlier correct incorrect

Impact correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is NOT a factor that explains differing degrees of effectiveness between regimes?

The timing of when the regimes were created correct incorrect

The structure of the environmental problem correct incorrect

Scientific (un)certainty correct incorrect

The policy instruments used correct incorrect

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. A carbon tax is an example of which type of implementation instrument?

Regulation correct incorrect

Persuasion correct incorrect

Incentive correct incorrect

Service correct incorrect

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. What is the most commonly used instrument for verifying compliance?

Enquiry correct incorrect

Sanctions correct incorrect

Naming and shaming correct incorrect

Reporting correct incorrect

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. Why are enforcement mechanisms rarely used in global environmental politics?

Enforcement mechanisms are banned under international law. correct incorrect

States are unwilling to cede sovereign rights to international treaties. correct incorrect

Enforcement mechanisms are unpopular because the public does not desire environmental protection. correct incorrect

Enforcement mechanisms are impossible to use in the international system because of the lack of a central authority. correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is NOT a trend reflected in the diffusion of instruments within global environmental politics?

Commodification correct incorrect

Growing importance of transparency correct incorrect

Growing use of voluntary instruments correct incorrect

Declining involvement of private actors correct incorrect

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. A policy instrument that diffuses from one issue area to another because it is perceived as effective is an example of which type of diffusion?

Coercion correct incorrect

Competition correct incorrect

Learning correct incorrect

Socialization correct incorrect

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. Why do some argue that intellectual property rights may be counterproductive for environmental protection?

Intellectual property rights can inhibit the diffusion of environmentally friendly technology. correct incorrect

Intellectual property rights will disincentivize the development of environmentally friendly technology. correct incorrect

Intellectual property rights prohibit governments from restricting the use of environmentally harmful technology. correct incorrect

Intellectual property rights are impossible to enforce in the international system. correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is NOT an example of the potential negative effects policy instruments may create?

Institutional inertia correct incorrect

Ecological modernization correct incorrect

Reinforcement of power imbalances correct incorrect

Unintended practical consequences correct incorrect