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. How does Buzan's concept of 'societal security' mark a departure from traditional understandings of security?

Securing the sustainable development of the state was dependent on societal security as an independent interest that was not secondary or dependent on the other sectors, including the military. correct incorrect

The end of the Cold War allowed security studies to move beyond the confines of the dominant realist and neorealist perspectives, with an emerging interest in other, non-military, conceptions of security. Those who wished to broaden the scope of security studies advocated the inclusion of resource, environment, and other referent points for analysis. correct incorrect

Societal security referred to the sustainable development of traditional patterns of military capabilities. Military threats could be subdivided to include the infrastructural strength, the technology, personnel, the economic base, and the political base of the military security sector. correct incorrect

Contemporary processes of globalization and societal conflict required the development of new conceptual tools beyond the state as the referent object. Security was dependent on factors beyond geographically conceived survival: survival of the state was superseded by survival of the nation (ethnic) state. correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is essential to societal security?

Sovereignty. correct incorrect

Identity. correct incorrect

Hegemonic ethnicity. correct incorrect

All of the above. correct incorrect

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. Which of the following statements is the odd one out?

Societal groups have a right to survive. correct incorrect

Societal groups have their own reality. correct incorrect

Societal groups are constituted by social interaction. correct incorrect

Societal groups are multiple-identity units. correct incorrect

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. Which of the following statements does not describe 'nations'?

Nations may be made up of different ethnic-identity groups. correct incorrect

Nations may be difficult to distinguish from societies. correct incorrect

Nations are defined by the boundaries and borders of the state. correct incorrect

Nations may contain multiple religious identity groups. correct incorrect

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. In what ways might a society be threatened?

Societies are threatened when their linguistic heritage and traditions are under attack. The inability to use and develop traditional language signifies the destruction of a society. correct incorrect

Threats to societal security exist when a society regards its collective identity as being under question. Such circumstances include the suppression of expression and interference with a society's ability to reproduce itself across generations. correct incorrect

Military threats to societies in the form of external aggression, mainly through de-population policies with the intent of preventing collective identities from being reproduced over generations. correct incorrect

Migratory influxes into a host receiving state results in a shift in the composition of the population resulting in horizontal competition or vertical competition. This is not an outright threat to survival but part of wider uncontrollable processes of evolutionary identity. correct incorrect

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. To what extent can societal identity be defended militarily?

If a threat posed by one group to another is military- particularly when linked to the defence of the historic homeland-armed response is required. At the intra-state level, many societal groups have no such means of armed protection and are compelled to employ non-military counter-measures. correct incorrect

Intra-state collectives faced with a political or military threat to their identity will form their own militia or defensive force as a means of protection. This results in the establishment of quasi-states which may undermine the territorial integrity of the nation. correct incorrect

Being aligned with the state, society has immediate and unequivocal access to the use of state forces (in the form of military retaliation) if there is a threat to societal security. correct incorrect

Societal groups do not face military threats; being constituted by identity and social cohesion, military forces are not engaged against societal groups in any meaningful way. correct incorrect

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. Which of the following is a legitimate threat to societal security?

Political policies designed to alter demographic characteristics of a state. correct incorrect

The use of military force to conduct ethnic cleansing through displacement and killing. correct incorrect

Legislation that criminalizes certain cultural behaviours or practice. correct incorrect

All of the above. correct incorrect

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. Which of the following statements is the odd one out?

Institutions that facilitate the reproduction of cultural values, such as churches and schools, can be used to control and strengthen those cultural values. correct incorrect

Political-nationalist strategies can be employed by the state to boost nationalist interests. correct incorrect

Engagement of military forces to expel certain social groups from within a state. correct incorrect

Secession allows a societal group to withdraw from a larger entity where it may be under threat from dilution or destruction. correct incorrect

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. Which is not a main category of threat for societal security?

Religion correct incorrect

Vertical competition correct incorrect

Horizontal competition correct incorrect

Migration correct incorrect

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. In what ways has the concept of societal security been criticized as an analytical tool?

Charge: Reification. Societies are not objective realities but fluid, continuously being constructed and re-constructed which makes it difficult to discuss with reference to a single societal identity.
Answer: But once constructed societies may temporarily be fixed. Societal security can be useful for accounting for specific events in a specific time. correct incorrect

Charge: Who speaks for society? Where state and society coincide, security concerns are articulated by governing bodies or societal representatives. In these cases state security and societal security is interchangeable.
Answer: States and societies do not always coincide and the voices of state and societal security interests will be different and minorities may be forced to articulate their concerns outside of the state apparatus. correct incorrect

Charge: The danger of voicing societal security. Perceived threats to societal security can be used to legitimize racist and xenophobic political agendas.
Answer: However, the danger can be offset against the necessity of the concept to understand what is happening (Waever: 1999: 337). correct incorrect

All of the above. correct incorrect