* not completed

. Before the notion of 'childhood' was socially constructed, how were children viewed in pre-Industrial Revolution society?

As innocent and dependent children correct incorrect

As little adults working and socializing with older adults correct incorrect

As teenagers and youths who were more developed than children but less developed for adults correct incorrect

As older versions of the child correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which historian is credited with the claim that childhood is a modern invention?

Peter King correct incorrect

Howard Becker correct incorrect

Roger Smith correct incorrect

Philippe Aries correct incorrect

* not completed

. What is the current minimum age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales?

10 years old correct incorrect

12 years old correct incorrect

14 years old correct incorrect

17 years old correct incorrect

* not completed

. How did G. Stanley Hall famously describe the developmental stage of adolescence?

Fight and flight correct incorrect

Nature and nurture correct incorrect

Storm and stress correct incorrect

Age and rage correct incorrect

* not completed

. How could strategy theories of youth offending be categorized?

Individual attributes correct incorrect

Psychodynamic factors correct incorrect

Social and structural influences correct incorrect

They cannot be categorized correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of these terms are associated with developmental life course explanations of youth offending?

Transitions correct incorrect

Turning points correct incorrect

Pathways correct incorrect

Rational choice correct incorrect

* not completed

. What is the dominant category of explanatory theory in the field of youth offending/youth justice?

Positivism correct incorrect

Reductionism correct incorrect

Classicism correct incorrect

Constructivism correct incorrect

* not completed

. What is the nature of influence that a risk factor has on later offending, according to developmental theorists?

Causal correct incorrect

None correct incorrect

Predictive correct incorrect

Symptomatic correct incorrect

* not completed

. The concept of responsibilisation places excessive responsibility on which group for the causes of youth offending and the success of responses to it?

Police correct incorrect

The general public correct incorrect

The government correct incorrect

Young people and their families correct incorrect

* not completed

. What is the legal term for the presumption that children below a certain age are not necessarily capable of discerning between right and wrong?

Carpe diem correct incorrect

Caveat emptor correct incorrect

Doli incapax correct incorrect

Habeas corpus correct incorrect