* not completed

. According to Macpherson, which of the following best describes 'institutional racism'?

Collective failure of an organisation to prevent racism between employees which disadvantage minority ethnic people who work for the organisation correct incorrect

Collective failure of an organisation to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture, or ethnic origin which disadvantage minority ethnic people correct incorrect

Decisions by those in authority which disadvantage minority ethnic people correct incorrect

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.

Who wrote the following?

'Consider what you think justice requires and decide accordingly. But never give your reasons; for your judgement will probably be right, but your reasons will certainly be wrong.'

William Macpherson correct incorrect

Lord Mansfield correct incorrect

Sen correct incorrect

Rawls correct incorrect

* not completed

.

Which model of criminal justice does the following describe?

'The driving aim of this model is to deliver law and order-to punish all offenders swiftly and harshly in order to deter and therefore to protect the public.'

Status passage model correct incorrect

Due process model correct incorrect

Crime control model correct incorrect

Bureaucratic model correct incorrect

Rights model correct incorrect

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. Choose the statement which best describes the 'due process model'.

The state best delivers justice by protecting democratic freedoms. correct incorrect

The state best delivers justice if it ensures defendants are fairly treated and if it only convicts people when their guilt is proven beyond reasonable doubt. correct incorrect

The state best delivers justice by punishing offenders swiftly and harshly and by ensuring that no crimes go unpunished in order to deter and therefore to protect the public. correct incorrect

The state best delivers justice by setting and following procedures, recording information and acting efficiently and effectively. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following is a Bureaucratic theorist?

Émile Durkheim correct incorrect

Max Weber correct incorrect

Cesare Beccaria correct incorrect

Amartya Sen correct incorrect

John Rawls correct incorrect

* not completed

. Who wrote A Theory of Justice (1971)?

Émile Durkheim correct incorrect

Max Weber correct incorrect

Cesare Beccaria correct incorrect

Amartya Sen correct incorrect

John Rawls correct incorrect

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. Choose the statement which best describes Rawls' first principle of justice.

Offices and positions must be open to everyone under conditions of fair equality of opportunity correct incorrect

Each person should have an equal right to as much basic liberty as is possible when making sure that everyone else enjoys the same amount of liberty correct incorrect

Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are to everyone's advantage but where this is not fair they are to the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged correct incorrect

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. In Amartya Sen's writing the core of justice might be seen to be:

Correct procedures and formal rules correct incorrect

Increasing the entitlement of each individual but there is never only one way to arrive at justice correct incorrect

Guaranteeing independence and the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged correct incorrect

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. What is a main policy recommendation of John Braithwaite's (1989) 'reintegrative shaming' theory?

Distributive justice correct incorrect

Restorative justice correct incorrect

Social justice correct incorrect

Legal justice correct incorrect

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. What are the two main conditions which John Braithwaite (1989) believes are necessary for the application of 'reintegrative shaming'?

Interdependence and social justice. correct incorrect

Communaterianism and social justice. correct incorrect

Interdependence and Communitarianism. correct incorrect

Abolitionism and Interdependence. correct incorrect