* not completed

. One the keys to the success of Richard Arkwright’s cotton mill was

the easy availability of cotton correct incorrect

the combination of the “water frame” spinning machine with a carding machine to straighten and thin the cotton fibers correct incorrect

his invention of the steam engine correct incorrect

his expertise in wig-making and dealing with fibers correct incorrect

* not completed

. The growing British wool industry drew many people to the cities for work, requiring increased productivity from the remaining farmers to feed so many urban workers. One of the key innovations that enabled this was

mixed farming correct incorrect

fallow farming correct incorrect

forage farming correct incorrect

urban farming correct incorrect

* not completed

. The greatest contribution of the iron industry in Britain, which took off once coal became a reliable power source, was

a national rail network, to rapidly move materials and goods correct incorrect

tall buildings, to alleviate urban crowding correct incorrect

fencing, which enabled the enclosure system in farming correct incorrect

more durable machinery for the textile industry, with interchangeable parts correct incorrect

* not completed

. The disadvantages of using water to power cotton spinning machines included the necessity of placing mills near streams and rivers and

the impact of weather conditions on the amount of power the water generated correct incorrect

the high taxes on water use correct incorrect

the low quality of workers available in those locations correct incorrect

damage to the spun cotton from the constant mist and high humidity correct incorrect

* not completed

. The high price of wood in Britain ultimately led to

improved agricultural techniques, to make use of farmland created by logging correct incorrect

the development of the steam engine, to enable the mining of coal, which replaced wood for heating correct incorrect

the invention of steel, for use in building correct incorrect

improved steam engines, which were much more efficient and used less wood correct incorrect

* not completed

. The prosperity of French farmers in the early 19th century was limited by

the small size of their lands, due to inheritance laws that banned primogeniture correct incorrect

high taxes levied by the king correct incorrect

their unwillingness to adopt mixed farming correct incorrect

poor soil quality, which made growing high value crops all but impossible correct incorrect

* not completed

. Prior to the industrial revolution, agricultural production was limited by

landlords, who kept output low to ensure high prices correct incorrect

low population, preventing all arable land from being farmed correct incorrect

high taxes, reducing the amount farmers had to spend on seed and fertilizer correct incorrect

the amount of land available for cultivation correct incorrect

* not completed

. In the first half of the 18th century, the main appeal of cotton cloth was

that it was grown on a plant, unlike wool, which was harvested from sheep that needed to be fed and tended correct incorrect

it was lightweight and could be shipped across the ocean cheaply correct incorrect

it did not need to be washed as often as other fabrics, like linen or wool correct incorrect

it could be woven in varying thicknesses and varying levels of quality correct incorrect

* not completed

. Belgium’s key advantages when it became a country in 1830 were its proximity to markets in Britain, France, Germany, and the Netherlands and

its multi-lingual population, easing trade with the surrounding nations correct incorrect

a climate well-suited to cotton cultivation correct incorrect

huge deposits of coal and iron ore correct incorrect

the free trade agreements imposed by Britain correct incorrect

* not completed

. British inventors and entrepreneurs were driven to develop new technology and processes in the late 18th century for several reasons, which did not include

a relatively prosperous population, creating a demand for consumer products correct incorrect

especially difficult farming conditions, incentivizing innovation correct incorrect

relatively high wages, making it expensive to employ people correct incorrect

local coal mines, making energy relatively cheap correct incorrect

* not completed

. The growing demand for cotton in the first half of the 18th century could not be met using traditional methods, due to a bottleneck at the stage of

growing cotton plants to maturity correct incorrect

carding the fibers correct incorrect

spinning the yarn correct incorrect

weaving the fabric correct incorrect

* not completed

. Britain’s primogeniture laws pushed second and third sons of aristocratic families into business and commerce, which

increased competition and ultimately lowered profits for all correct incorrect

legitimized business, encouraging participation by the educated and well-connected correct incorrect

created resentments between first sons, who inherited their fathers’ wealth, and younger siblings, ultimately inflaming class tensions correct incorrect

brought younger sons of the elite into contact with merchants and tradespeople, beginning the process of breaking down class barriers correct incorrect

* not completed

. Newfound British prosperity in the 16th century was driven by

the development of “guilds,” organizations of tradespeople that protected the interests of the industry correct incorrect

the unusually high level of skill of British spinners and weavers in the textile industry correct incorrect

British wool, which was of particularly high quality due to the ample grazing territory available to sheep because of the low population density in Britain correct incorrect

the development of the “water table” spinning machine, which octupled efficiency correct incorrect

* not completed

. The spinning jenny was invented by

Richard Arkwright correct incorrect

Thomas Newcomen correct incorrect

James Watt correct incorrect

James Hargreaves correct incorrect

* not completed

. The stagnation, or even drop, in real wages (that is, pay in relation to living expenses) during the industrial revolution was caused by

high taxes levied on the working class correct incorrect

a population boom, which created competition for jobs and held wages down correct incorrect

the concentration of wealth among a very few aristocrats and industrialists correct incorrect

competition from workers in Europe, particularly Belgium and France correct incorrect

* not completed

. Between 1800 and 1850, London’s population

rose by 20% correct incorrect

rose by 60% correct incorrect

doubled correct incorrect

tripled correct incorrect

* not completed

. The Poor Laws, as reformed in 1834 to require those seeking assistance to enter a workhouse, reflected the government’s new focus on

business cycles correct incorrect

reducing crime correct incorrect

laissez faire ideology correct incorrect

eliminating poverty, particularly among children correct incorrect

* not completed

. Some parents opposed laws regulating child labor because

they relied on the income their children brought in correct incorrect

they resented the government’s intrusion into their family life correct incorrect

they felt the laws were too lax correct incorrect

they had no other options for childcare correct incorrect

* not completed

. Select the correct order in which these innovations in textile production developed:

water frame, cotton mule, spinning jenny, cotton gin correct incorrect

cotton gin, cotton mule, spinning jenny, water frame, correct incorrect

spinning jenny, cotton mule, water frame, cotton gin correct incorrect

spinning jenny, water frame, cotton mule, cotton gin correct incorrect