* not completed

. What of the following statements is NOT part of Sagan's proliferation pessimism argument?

Because of common biases, professional military organizations display organizational behaviours that are likely to lead to deterrence failures and deliberate or accidental war. correct incorrect

In the future, there will be a lack of positive constraining mechanisms of civilian control while military biases may serve to encourage nuclear weapons use, especially during crises. This is because future nuclear-armed states are likely to have military-run or weak civilian governments. correct incorrect

Nuclear proliferation will be heightened if the USA creates a doctrine that says it is legitimate to respond to weapons of mass destruction by using nuclear weapons. correct incorrect

* not completed

. What are the criticisms of the nuclear non-proliferation regime?

It is not well-suited to the demands of the complex and potentially more dangerous second nuclear age. correct incorrect

It does not address the security motivation which leads states to acquire nuclear weapons in first place. correct incorrect

It is unable to alleviate the security dilemma that many states confront and it is a discriminatory arrangement. correct incorrect

All of the options given are correct. correct incorrect

* not completed

. What does the category "WMD" NOT include?

Atomic explosive weapons. correct incorrect

Lethal chemical and biological weapons. correct incorrect

Ground-to-air missiles correct incorrect

* not completed

. When did the USA withdraw from the ABM treaty?

In 1989, at the end of the Cold War. correct incorrect

When ballistic missiles were developed. correct incorrect

In 2001. correct incorrect

In 1948. correct incorrect

* not completed

. How are the motivations for having nuclear weapons best described?

Power, security, and advancement of the environment. correct incorrect

Prosperity, survival, and economic leverage. correct incorrect

Strategic deterrence, political and prestige benefits. correct incorrect

All of the options given are correct. correct incorrect

* not completed

. What is meant by "Atoms for Peace"?

It is an international NGO that seeks to ban atomic testing. correct incorrect

It is the slogan of the IAEA. correct incorrect

The title of an Eisenhower speech which culminated on the creation of the IAEA. correct incorrect

All of the options given are correct correct incorrect

* not completed

. Where was the first Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone applied?

Africa. correct incorrect

Antarctica. correct incorrect

Latin America. correct incorrect

South East Asia. correct incorrect

* not completed

. What is counter proliferation?

A strategy against nuclear proliferation which is focused on attacking the public image of states that develop nuclear weapons. correct incorrect

A strategy which emphasizes the use of measures such as ballistic missile defences and a more proactive stance in the prevention of nuclear proliferation. correct incorrect

There is no such thing as counter-proliferation. correct incorrect

None of the options given are correct. correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which of the following is not an agreements that controls export among suppliers to constrain the proliferation of missile technology?

The Hague Code of Conduct. correct incorrect

The Geneva Conventions. correct incorrect

The Missile Technology Control Regime correct incorrect

* not completed

. Which state is NOT a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)?

Iraq correct incorrect

Israel correct incorrect

Pakistan correct incorrect

India correct incorrect