After reading this chapter, students should be able to:

1. Describe the central ideas of labeling theory.

2. Identify and describe the three major types of reaction to delinquency examined by labeling theorists.

3. Explain why the harsh/rejecting reaction may lead to further delinquency.

4. Identify factors that increase the likelihood of a harsh/rejecting reaction.

5. Explain why some juveniles are more likely than others to respond to a harsh/rejecting response with further delinquency.

6. Describe the types of research that have been conducted to test labeling theory.

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